[30], Emotions have been categorized, with some relationships existing between emotions and some direct opposites existing. Émile Durkheim (1915/1965)[119] wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. (Eds.). The affect theory introduced the concept of basic emotions, and was based on the idea that the dominance of the emotion, which he called the affected system, was the motivating force in human life.[144]. [139][140] Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. Many of these different approaches were synthesized by Turner (2007) in his sociological theory of human emotions in an attempt to produce one comprehensive sociological account that draws on developments from many of the above traditions. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. In fact, emotion is such a difficult concept to define adequately that there are at least 90 different definitions of emotions in the scientific literature. (Eds.).
In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Psychology Definition of EMOTION: The complex reaction pattern that involves experiential, behavioural and physiological elements. [17] The ever changing actions of individuals and its mood variations have been of great importance by most of the Western philosophers (Aristotle, Plato, Descartes, Aquinas, Hobbes) that lead them to propose vast theories; often competing theories, that sought to explain emotion and the following motivators of human action and its consequences. The second model was supported. In addition to the original six, these studies provided evidence for amusement, awe, contentment, desire, embarrassment, pain, relief, and sympathy in both facial and vocal expressions.
There is ample evidence that the left prefrontal cortex is activated by stimuli that cause positive approach. Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990)[122] developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. [74], Although mostly abandoned in its original form, Tim Dalgleish argues that most contemporary neuroscientists have embraced the components of the James-Lange theory of emotions. ), This page was last edited on 20 August 2020, at 02:10.
[91] Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. [27] Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Christian perspective on emotion presupposes a theistic origin to humanity. A simple definition of emotion is that it is a response by a whole organism, involving (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. Interaction ritual. These processes underline coping strategies that form the emotional reaction by altering the relationship between the person and the environment. Emotions have been described as a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. The social life of emotions. God who created humans gave humans the ability to feel emotion and interact emotionally.
see the Heuristic–Systematic Model, or HSM, (Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989) under. Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation.
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