The average annual wage in Bulgaria was 1,949 euros in 2013 – the lowest in the EU. [80], The Bulgarian principality won a war against Serbia and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia in 1885, proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October 1908. The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. [85] More than 253,000 refugees from the lost territories immigrated to Bulgaria from 1912 to 1929,[86] placing additional strain on the already ruined national economy. And for not just box-ticking for Brussels, but actually doing it for yourself. [131], In 1998, the Bulgarian government adopted the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. The country scores high in gender equality, ranking 18th in the 2018 Global Gender Gap Report. The legal system is regarded by both domestic and international observers as one of Europe's most inefficient due to pervasive lack of transparency and corruption. [109] The political system has three branches—legislative, executive and judicial, with universal suffrage for citizens at least 18 years old. During the Nineteen Sixties, Zhivkov initiated reforms and passed some market-oriented policies on an experimental degree. [327] Bulgarian students were among the highest-scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had dropped. [309][310] It has had negative population growth since the early 1990s, when the economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave. The Bulgarian nobility had vanished, leaving an egalitarian peasant society with a small however growing urban middle class. [162], Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all-volunteer Bulgarian armed forces, composed of land forces, navy and an air force. [204] More than a fifth of the labour force are employed on a minimum wage of $1.16 per hour. [151][152] The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing large-scale protests. In 2010 it was ranked thirty second (between Greece and Lithuania) out of 181 countries within the Globalization Index. [351] The Rila Monastery was established by Saint John of Rila, Bulgaria's patron saint, whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times. [51][50] A golden age began during the 34-year rule of Simeon the Great, who oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state. [147] His first government resigned on 20 February 2013 after nationwide protests caused by high costs of utilities, low living standards, corruption[148] and the perceived failure of the democratic system. [50] The common language, religion and script strengthened central authority and gradually fused the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people speaking a single Slavic language. [208] Taxes form the bulk of government revenue[208] at 30% of GDP.
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